Research on the Self-Perception of Adolescents as Readers

The aim of the study is to study teenagers' self-perception as readers, from grades 8, 9 and 10. There were 184 students in the sample (91 males and 93 females). Henk, Melnick and Marinak have established the self-perception as readers utilizing Reader Self-perception Scale 2 (2013). Data analysis was based on descriptive statistics, independent sample t tests, and one-way ANOVA. This study demonstrated that the self-perception of young students as readers was successful. The findings of the t test show that the self-perception of women in reading was much higher than that of men in p < 05. ANOVA showed that the self-perception of students in 10th grade as readers in the special group was greatest in 8th grade, 9th grade and 10th grade students in p < 0.01. Keyword: Self-perception as Readers, Adolescents, Gender, Grade. A. INTRODUCTION Reading is the key to all aspects of education and improving reading instruction continues to be an issue of national focus. As students are active participants in the process of learning to read and becoming independent readers, their views on the process of reading are considered. Homze (1962, cited in Phillips, 1997) views self-concept as the child's ability to identify with others. A selection of desirable traits found in others that the child would like to possess is adapted by the child to achieve social acceptance. The child then chooses to keep the socially rewarding relationship between reading traits which make up his or her self-concepts. In the earliest years of children, how they think about themselves come largely from how people react to them, how parents and caregivers handle and care for them. As they grow older, teenagers broaden their people watching. At the same time, teenagers are peering outward at others, they are also looking inward at themselves. Consciously, they weigh whether others' thoughts, attitudes, actions and reactions will work for them. Then, they begin to see themselves in their own way. Selfperception comes from our experiences. If we have experiences that help us achieve the thing we want, we will positively see ourselves. One of the most important beliefs that influence our leadership capability is our view of our own ability to carry out a task. Our ability to perform successfully enhances the probability of actually doing it. Conversely, negative beliefs decrease the probability. Reader self-perception is defined as the process of understanding how one views oneself as a reader and how one feels about and values the act of reading (Henk, Marinak, & Melnick, 2013). Children and adolescents with positive feeling about literacy will engage frequently in reading and writing (Alvermann, 2008, cited in Carney, 2013). This increased involvement contributes to enhancing reading and writing ability. Conversely, students who have a less positive feeling about reading and writing, they will tend to be inattentive, less engagement and uncommitted and their achievement tend to lag (Spaulding, 1992, cited in Henk, et al., 2013). International Journal Publishing INFLUENCE: International Journal of Science Review Volume 2, No. 1, 2020 https://internationaljournal.net/index.php/influence/index 9 Copious evidence indicates that some boys view reading as feminine (Government of the UK, 2000 and Fendrick, 1998) and that these perceptions may affect their motivation to engage in reading (Baker & Wigfield, 1999) (cited in Katz, 2009). Girls are more apt to be focused on reading. Boys have a harder time getting attention on reading because they are more assertive. On average, girls view on all aspects in more positive terms than boys. Although there is considerable research on the nature of teaching reading from a variety of viewpoints, little has focused on student perspectives. Therefore, this study will investigate adolescents’ reader self-perception. B. METHOD The survey method and descriptive research design were taken in this study. By using a simple random sampling method, 61 students from Grade 8 and 63 students from Grade 9 and 60 students from Grade 9 were chosen from Practising High School, Sagaing University of Education (2016–2017 Academic Year). The total sample was 184 students. There were 91 male and 93 female students in the total sample. Reader Self-perception Scale 2 (RSPS 2) was used in this study to measure the participants’ self-perception about reading. It was developed by Henk, Melnick, and Marinak (2013). It was originated from the RSPS (Reader Self-perception Scale) developed by Melnick and Henk (1995). The original 1995 version was intended to measure the reading perception of children in Grade 4 through 6. So, Henk, Melnick, and Marinak (2013) modified it to measure adolescent reading. The instrument, namely Reader Self-perception Scale 2 (RSPS 2) designed by Henk, Melnick, and Marinak (2013) was adapted to Myanmar version. The Reader Self-perception Scale 2 consists of one general item and 46 specific items that relate to four categories of reader self-perception: 16 items for progress, 9 items for observational comparison, 9 items for social feedback, and 12 items for physiological states. And these statements were examined by using a five-point Likert-type scale (Strongly agree = 5, Agree = 4, Undecided = 3, Disagree = 2, Strongly Disagree = 1). The lowest total generalized reader self-perception possible score was 46 and the highest possible score was 230. C. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 1. Descriptive Statistics of Reader Self-perception In terms of descriptive statistics, minimum score, maximum score, the mean and standard deviation of the students' self-perception as readers were presented in Table 1. Table 1: Descriptive Statistics for Reader Self-perception Variable N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Reader Self-Perception 184 121 222 179.89 15.941 As shown in Table 1, students’ mean score of reader self-perception was 179.89 and the standard deviation was 15.941. Therefore, students' self-perception as readers was satisfactory because the observed mean score (179.89) was higher than the theoretical mean score (138). 2. Descriptive Statistics for Dimensions of Reader Self-perception For four categories of reader self-perception: progress, observational comparison, social feedback, and physiological states, descriptive analysis was conducted. The minimum score, maximum score, the mean and standard deviation of each category were presented in Table 2. International Journal Publishing INFLUENCE: International Journal of Science Review Volume 2, No. 1, 2020 https://internationaljournal.net/index.php/influence/index 10 Table 2: Descriptive Statistics for Dimensions of Reader Self-perception Variables N Minimum Maximum Mean Mean % Std. Deviation Progress 184 41 80 66.57 83.21% 6.143 Observational Comparison 184 15 44 31.26 69.46% 4.091 Social Feedback 184 13 42 29.93 66.51% 4.673 Physiological States 184 33 60 52.14 86.90% 5.351 According to Table 2, students had the highest mean percentage in physiological states and the lowest mean percentage in social feedback. This result indicated that students’ self-perception as readers was highest in internal feelings experiencing during reading and the lowest in social feedback. 3. Comparison of Male and Female Students’ Reader Self-perception To find the difference of reader self-perception between male and female students, descriptive analysis was conducted Table 3: Means and Standard Deviations for Reader Self-perception by Gender Variable Gender N Mean Std. Deviation Mean Difference Reader Selfperception Male 91 176.70 18.539 -6.31 Female 93 183.01 12.222 As mentioned in Table 3, the mean score of reader self-perception for female students exceeded 6.31 than that of male students. To determine whether these differences were significant or not, the independent sample t test was conducted. Table 4: The Result of t test for Reader Self-perception by Gender Variable t df p Mean Difference Reader Self-perception -2.730 182 .007 -6.31 According to the result of the t test, there was a significant difference in reader selfperception between males and females at 0.05 level (p < 0.05). This result indicated that female students’ self-perception as readers were significantly higher than that of male students. To be specific, the researcher investigated whether there were significant differences in all dimensions of reader self-perception by gender. 4. Comparison of Male and Female Students’ Self-perception as Readers in Different Dimensions For a comparative study of male and female students towards reader self-perception in different dimensions, descriptive analysis was conducted. International Journal Publishing INFLUENCE: International Journal of Science Review Volume 2, No. 1, 2020 https://internationaljournal.net/index.php/influence/index 11 According to Table 5, in general, the female students more perceived as readers themselves than male students in all dimensions of reader self-perception. To examine whether there were significant differences in these dimensions, the independent sample t test was conducted. The results of the t test showed a significant difference between reader self-perception scores of males and females in social feedback and physiological states (p < .05). Female students had higher self-perception as readers in social feedback and physiological states. In the rest dimensions, no significant differences were found. 5. Comparison of Reader Self-perception by Grade To investigate the difference in students' reader self-perception by Grade, descriptive statistics were made. Table 5: Descriptive Statistics for Reader Self-perception by Gender in Different Categories Variable Gender N Mean Std. Deviation Mean Difference Male 91 65.52 6.812 Progress Female 93 67.59 5.245 -2.07 Observational Male 91 30.85 4.575 Female 93 31.66 3.534 -0.81 Comparison Male 91 29.23 5.363 Social Feedback Female 93 30.61 3.788 -1.38 Male 91 51.11 6.142 Physiological States Female 93 53.15 4.240 -2.04 Table 6: The Result of t test for Reader Self-perception by Gender in Different Categories Variables t df p Mean Difference Progress -2.318 182 0.22 -2.075 Observational -1.345 182 0.180 -.810 Comparison Social Feedback -2.023 182 0.045 -1.382 Physiological States -2.628 182 0.009 -2.041 International Journal Publishing INFLUENCE: International Journal of Science Review Volume 2, No. 1, 2020 https://internationaljournal.net/index.php/influence/index 12 As mentioned in Table 7, generally the mean score of students’ self-perception as readers was different according to Grade. According to Table 8, there was a significant difference in reader self-perception by Grade (F= 4.441, p < 0.05). To obtain more detailed information in each Grade for reader self-perception, the Post-Hoc test was executed by the Tukey HSD method. According to Table 9, Grade 10 students were significantly higher reader selfperception than both Grade 8 and Grade 9 students. But Grade 8 and Grade 9 students’ selfperception as readers were not different. Comparison of Reader Self-perception by Grade in Different Categories For a comparative study of reader self-perception in students of Grade 8, Grade 9, and Grade 10 by different dimensions, descriptive analysis was conducted Table 7: Descriptive Statistics for Reader Self-perception by Grade Variable Grade N Mean Std. Deviation Grade 8 61 177.02 16.199 Reader Self-perception Grade 9 63 178.00 17.095 Grade 10 60 184.80 13.320 Table 8: The Result of ANOVA for Reader Self-perception by Grade Reader Self-perception Sum of Squares df Mean Square F p Between Groups 2175.242 2 1087.621 4.441 0.013 Within Groups 44330.584 181 244.920


INTRODUCTION
Reading is the key to all aspects of education and improving reading instruction continues to be an issue of national focus. As students are active participants in the process of learning to read and becoming independent readers, their views on the process of reading are considered. Homze (1962, cited in Phillips, 1997) views self-concept as the child's ability to identify with others. A selection of desirable traits found in others that the child would like to possess is adapted by the child to achieve social acceptance.
The child then chooses to keep the socially rewarding relationship between reading traits which make up his or her self-concepts. In the earliest years of children, how they think about themselves come largely from how people react to them, how parents and caregivers handle and care for them. As they grow older, teenagers broaden their people watching. At the same time, teenagers are peering outward at others, they are also looking inward at themselves. Consciously, they weigh whether others' thoughts, attitudes, actions and reactions will work for them. Then, they begin to see themselves in their own way. Selfperception comes from our experiences. If we have experiences that help us achieve the thing we want, we will positively see ourselves. One of the most important beliefs that influence our leadership capability is our view of our own ability to carry out a task. Our ability to perform successfully enhances the probability of actually doing it. Conversely, negative beliefs decrease the probability.
Reader self-perception is defined as the process of understanding how one views oneself as a reader and how one feels about and values the act of reading (Henk, Marinak, & Melnick, 2013). Children and adolescents with positive feeling about literacy will engage frequently in reading and writing (Alvermann, 2008, cited in Carney, 2013. This increased involvement contributes to enhancing reading and writing ability. Conversely, students who have a less positive feeling about reading and writing, they will tend to be inattentive, less engagement and uncommitted and their achievement tend to lag (Spaulding, 1992, cited in Henk, et al., 2013).
Copious evidence indicates that some boys view reading as feminine (Government of the UK, 2000 andFendrick, 1998) and that these perceptions may affect their motivation to engage in reading (Baker & Wigfield, 1999) (cited in Katz, 2009). Girls are more apt to be focused on reading. Boys have a harder time getting attention on reading because they are more assertive. On average, girls view on all aspects in more positive terms than boys. Although there is considerable research on the nature of teaching reading from a variety of viewpoints, little has focused on student perspectives. Therefore, this study will investigate adolescents' reader self-perception.

B. METHOD
The survey method and descriptive research design were taken in this study. By using a simple random sampling method, 61 students from Grade 8 and 63 students from Grade 9 and 60 students from Grade 9 were chosen from Practising High School, Sagaing University of Education (2016-2017 Academic Year). The total sample was 184 students. There were 91 male and 93 female students in the total sample.
Reader Self-perception Scale 2 (RSPS 2) was used in this study to measure the participants' self-perception about reading. It was developed by Henk, Melnick, and Marinak (2013). It was originated from the RSPS (Reader Self-perception Scale) developed by Melnick and Henk (1995). The original 1995 version was intended to measure the reading perception of children in Grade 4 through 6. So, Henk, Melnick, and Marinak (2013) modified it to measure adolescent reading. The instrument, namely Reader Self-perception Scale 2 (RSPS 2) designed by Henk, Melnick, and Marinak (2013) was adapted to Myanmar version. The Reader Self-perception Scale 2 consists of one general item and 46 specific items that relate to four categories of reader self-perception: 16 items for progress, 9 items for observational comparison, 9 items for social feedback, and 12 items for physiological states. And these statements were examined by using a five-point Likert-type scale (Strongly agree = 5, Agree = 4, Undecided = 3, Disagree = 2, Strongly Disagree = 1). The lowest total generalized reader self-perception possible score was 46 and the highest possible score was 230.

Descriptive Statistics of Reader Self-perception
In terms of descriptive statistics, minimum score, maximum score, the mean and standard deviation of the students' self-perception as readers were presented in Table 1.  Table 1, students' mean score of reader self-perception was 179.89 and the standard deviation was 15.941. Therefore, students' self-perception as readers was satisfactory because the observed mean score (179.89) was higher than the theoretical mean score (138).

Descriptive Statistics for Dimensions of Reader Self-perception
For four categories of reader self-perception: progress, observational comparison, social feedback, and physiological states, descriptive analysis was conducted. The minimum score, maximum score, the mean and standard deviation of each category were presented in Table 2.  According to Table 2, students had the highest mean percentage in physiological states and the lowest mean percentage in social feedback. This result indicated that students' self-perception as readers was highest in internal feelings experiencing during reading and the lowest in social feedback.

Comparison of Male and Female Students' Reader Self-perception
To find the difference of reader self-perception between male and female students, descriptive analysis was conducted  Table 3, the mean score of reader self-perception for female students exceeded 6.31 than that of male students. To determine whether these differences were significant or not, the independent sample t test was conducted. .007 -6.31 According to the result of the t test, there was a significant difference in reader selfperception between males and females at 0.05 level (p < 0.05). This result indicated that female students' self-perception as readers were significantly higher than that of male students. To be specific, the researcher investigated whether there were significant differences in all dimensions of reader self-perception by gender.

Comparison of Male and Female Students' Self-perception as Readers in Different Dimensions
For a comparative study of male and female students towards reader self-perception in different dimensions, descriptive analysis was conducted.
According to Table 5, in general, the female students more perceived as readers themselves than male students in all dimensions of reader self-perception. To examine whether there were significant differences in these dimensions, the independent sample t test was conducted.
The results of the t test showed a significant difference between reader self-perception scores of males and females in social feedback and physiological states (p < .05). Female students had higher self-perception as readers in social feedback and physiological states. In the rest dimensions, no significant differences were found.

Comparison of Reader Self-perception by Grade
To investigate the difference in students' reader self-perception by Grade, descriptive statistics were made.  As mentioned in Table 7, generally the mean score of students' self-perception as readers was different according to Grade.
According to Table 8, there was a significant difference in reader self-perception by Grade (F= 4.441, p < 0.05). To obtain more detailed information in each Grade for reader self-perception, the Post-Hoc test was executed by the Tukey HSD method.
According to Table 9, Grade 10 students were significantly higher reader selfperception than both Grade 8 and Grade 9 students. But Grade 8 and Grade 9 students' selfperception as readers were not different.

Comparison of Reader Self-perception by Grade in Different Categories
For a comparative study of reader self-perception in students of Grade 8, Grade 9, and Grade 10 by different dimensions, descriptive analysis was conducted   6.800 * Grade 9 .045 As mentioned in Table 10, generally, mean scores of Grade 10 students were highest in each category among selected Grades, and mean scores of Grade 9 students were slightly higher than that of Grade 8 students in Progress, Social Feedback, and Physiological States. To examine whether these differences were significant or not in each category, one-way ANOVA was conducted.
According to Table 11, ANOVA results showed that there were significant differences only in Progress category among selected Grades at 0.01 level, F (2,183) = 7.483, p < .01. To obtain more detailed information in each Grade for Progress, the Post-Hoc test was executed by the Tukey HSD method.   Table 12 showed that Grade 10 students' self-perception as readers in the progress category was highest significantly among selected Grades (Grade 8, Grade 9, and Grade 10). However, that of Grade 8 and Grade 9 students was not significantly different.
In the present study, according to descriptive statistics, students' self-perception as readers was satisfactory. Female students had a significantly higher reader self-perception than that of male students. To be specific, the difference between male and female students in each dimension of reader self-perception was pointed out. Females had more self-perception as readers than males in social feedback and physiological states with a significant difference. The present study was in line with the finding of Alloway and Gilbert (1997). They showed that boys' perception that school-based reading is feminine and linked with perceptions that reading is undesirable. However, there was no significant difference in progress and observational comparison of male and female students with a tiny amount of higher selfperception scores of females. Then, the comparison of reader self-perception among three selected Grade levels (Grade 8, Grade 9, and Grade 10) of students was given. Grade 10 students were more perceived themselves as readers in progress category than Grade 8 students and Grade 9 students.
However, reader self-perception of Grade 8 and Grade 9 students were not significantly different. According to this result, reader self-perception might gradually increase when students reach a higher level of education because Grade 10 students are high school students, and Grade 8 and Grade 9 students are middle school students of basic education (2016-2017 Academic Year). Teachers and parents need to support and maintain children's positive reading perceptions and attitudes and promote reading as a worthwhile activity. Teachers and parents can become models for children. Their interest and enthusiasm for reading can demonstrate its rewarding and valuable impact and contribute to children's developing self-perceptions and attitudes.
Thus, teachers and parents should foster and demonstrate positive attitudes toward reading to both boys and girls. They can model reading by practising positive reading habits, demonstrating a pleasure for reading, and by sharing their likes and dislikes of particular books with the children. Children need positive feedback for their accomplishments and plenty of reading materials and experiences with print. Teachers and parents should give praise to the children for their attempts at reading and encouragement while engaged in a reading task. It is also vital that parents and teachers promote risk-taking opportunities for readers. Furthermore, they should keep open lines of communication. Teachers should provide reading activity suggestions for parents and make every effort to inform parents of the children's progress.

D. CONCLUSION
To redress the apparent gender gap in reading enjoyment, we would encourage schools to continue to focus on boys and their attitudes to reading. To encourage young male readers to take part in reading practices, older male role models are needed to demonstrate reading as an enjoyable activity for males. In conclusion, for the perspective of application to education, teachers and parents should be conscious of the key role of self-perception in learning and mastering reading and achievement. This paper will help of great contribution to the teachers and parents by making awareness of the importance of self-perception in reading to promote their children's reading ability.